tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774118728865261742024-03-13T11:10:55.283-07:00Wwwricciericicom-IngridjWwwricciericicom-Ingridj is Sharing Knowledge and Science Research for Future WorldMack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-47243795746354928022019-12-01T09:34:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:34:32.928-08:00Understanding Pascal's Law<b>Understanding Pascal's Law</b><br />
Pascal's law is one of the laws in physics that deals with liquid substances and the forces at their disposal. Studying Physics is incomplete if you don't know the sound of Pascal's law.<br />
<br />
The sound of Pascal's law is:<br />
Pressure applied to a liquid in a container, will be forwarded in all directions and equal<br />
Pascal law was discovered by Blaise Pascal, a French scientist who lived in 1623-1662). Basically Blaise Pascal was a philosopher and theologian, but his hobbies in mathematics and physics, especially projective geometry, led him to become a world-famous scientist of all time thanks to his discoveries in the field of fluid mechanics related to pressure and force known as Pascal's Law.<br />
<br />
Pascal's Law Formula<br />
Pascal's Law is formulated with the term Pa (Pascal), a derivative unit for pressure. In accordance with its sound, then Pascal's Law is formulated as follows:<br />
Pascal-Law-FormulasDescription:<br />
F1 / F2 = Force on surfaces A or B (N)<br />
A1 / A2 = Surface area A or B (m2)<br />
D1 / D2 = Surface diameter A or B (m)<br />
The most well-known application of pascal law is that of a hydraulic lifting device or widely known as a Hydraulic Jack. Any object that uses the term Hydraulic is usually an application of Pascal's law. For example, a hydraulic jack. Hydraulic jacks are often used for heavy lifting such as when having to change a car tire<br />
<br />
History of Physics Concepts Discovered<br />
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) was born in Clermont Ferrand on 19 June 1623. In 1631 his family moved to Paris. Blaise Pascal is the son of Etienne Pascal, a scientist and mathematician born in Clermont. Etienne Pascal, also a royal adviser who was later appointed as president of the Court of Aids organization in the city of Clermont. Pascal's mother, Antoinette Bigure, died when Pascal was four years old shortly after giving him a younger sister, Jacqueline.<br />
He has an older sister named, Gilberte. Pascal also conducted hydrodynamic and hydrostatic studies, the principles of hydraulic fluids. His inventions included hydraulic presses and syringes.<br />
Age 18 years, his body is weak and paralysis of the upper limbs makes Pascal must stay in bed. You have to swallow enough food to stay alive, even though you always feel a headache. 24 years old, he and Jacqueline went to Paris for a medical examination with more sophisticated equipment. Apparently he was required to stay in the hospital. Nowadays many scientists come to visit those who are interested in the vacuum experiment that he is working on. Descartes came to discuss. End of the year, his physical health enabled him to continue working, testing the theory of emptiness.<br />
He has an experimental replica in the form of a 31-inch (78.7 cm) tube filled with mercury that is positioned upside down in a mercury bowl. Pascal wanted to find out what power was keeping the mercury in the tube, and what filled the empty space at the top of the mercury tube. Does it contain: air? mercury vapor? nothingness?<br />
At that time, most scientists thought that the free space saved by mercury was nothing more than a vacuum, and several events that were thought to be impossible by previous scientists were seen when the experiment was carried out. This is based on Ariestoteles thinking, that "creation" something that is "substance", whether visible or invisible, and "substance / substance" forever moving. Ariestoteles law is as follows: "Everything that moves, must be moved by something (Everything that is in motion must be moved by something)". Therefore scientists adhering to Ariestoteles stated, that the vacuum (suction power) is impossible. How can it be ? Then the evidence is shown:<br />
The light passing through it is called "vacuum" in a glass tube.<br />
Ariestoteles writes, everything moves, must be moved by something else. Therefore, there must be an invisible "something" to move the light through the glass tube, therefore there is no vacuum (suction or pressure) in the tube. Not in the glass tube or anywhere. Vacuum does not exist and something is impossible.<br />
After conducting in-depth experiments on this vein, in 1647 Pascal issued a treatise on Experiences nouvelles touch video ("New Experiments with the Vacuum"), he explained in detail the basic rules, that the degree of variation of the liquid could be supported by air pressure. This gives a reason or proof, that there is indeed a vacuum in the column above the liquid barometer tube. And, Ariestoteles statement was broken by Pascal. Vacuum is there! Not something that is impossible. These evidences put Pascal in conflict with other scientists, especially the leading scientists before him, let alone the followers of Ariestoteles, including in conflict with Descartes.<br />
Pascal's brain intelligence is beyond doubt, but from birth he is physically weak and vulnerable to illness. In 1661, his younger brother Jacqueline died. Pascal showed his condolences to his brother, Gilberte and to the sisters of Jacqueline's friends. One year later, Pascal's health condition worsened and refused all help that came or anything that could alleviate his illness.<br />
He wants to die in the hospital - just like poor people (rich people always die at home), but that does not mean that is accomplished. On August 19, 1662, early morning, Pascal died after a long period of unconsciousness. The cause of Pascal's death is unknown. Some people call it because of tuberculosis; others call for metal poisoning or dyspepsia which weakens brain function. Pascal left the work entitled Pensees and Provincial Letters which had nothing to do with mathematics.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-36365032369881941902019-12-01T09:33:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:33:55.897-08:00Pascal's Law Equation<b>Pascal's Law Equation</b><br />
Pascal also wrote about hydrostatics, which explains his experiments using a barometer to explain his theory of the Equilibrium of Fluids, which was not published until a year after his death. His paper on the Liquid Body Equation prompted Simion Stevin to conduct an analysis of the hydrostatic paradox and to correct what is called the last law of hydrostatics:<br />
<br />
"That liquid objects distribute compressive power equally in all directions"<br />
which came to be known as Pascal's Law. Pascal's Law is considered important because of the relationship between the Liquid Body Theory and the Gas Body Theory, and about the Changes in Shape about the two which came to be known as the Hydrodynamic Theory. Pascal's Law (1658) "If a liquid is subjected to pressure, then that pressure will propagate in all directions without increasing or decreasing its strength". Pascal's Law states that the pressure exerted by liquid in a confined space is transmitted in all directions equally.<br />
Every point at the same depth has the same amount of pressure. This applies to all liquid substances in any container and does not depend on the shape of the container. If external pressure is added, for example by pressing the surface of the liquid, the pressure increase in the liquid is the same in all directions. So, if given external pressure, every part of liquid gets the same pressure allotment (Lohat, 2008).<br />
In accordance with Pascal's law that the pressure exerted on liquid in a confined space will be transmitted equally in all directions, then the pressure entering the first inhaler is equal to the pressure in the second inhaler (Kanginan, 2007).<br />
Pressure in fluid can be formulated by the equation below.<br />
P = F: A<br />
so that Pascal's law equation can be written as follows.<br />
P1 = P2<br />
F1: A1 = F2: A2<br />
Where: P = pressure (pascal),<br />
F = style (newton),<br />
A = surface area of cross-section (m2).<br />
From Pascal's law it is known that by applying a small force on a vacuum with a small cross-sectional area can produce a large force on a vacuum with a large cross-sectional area (Kanginan, 2007). This principle is utilized in technical equipment that is widely used by humans in life such as hydraulic jacks, hydraulic pumps, and hydraulic brakes (Azizah & Rokhim, 2007).<br />
<br />
Principles of Application of Pascal's Law<br />
The Working Principle of Hydraulic Jacks<br />
The working principle of a hydraulic jack is to utilize Pascal's law. Hydraulic jacks consist of two related tubes which have diameters of different sizes. Each is closed and filled with water. The car is placed on the lid of a large diameter tube. If we apply a small force to a tube with a small diameter, the pressure will be spread evenly in all directions including to the large tube where the car is placed (Anonymous, 2009a). If the F1 force is applied to a small suction, the pressure in the liquid will increase with F1 / A1. The upward force exerted by the liquid on the larger suction is this increase in pressure times the area of A2.<br />
If this force is called F2, it is obtained<br />
F2 = (F: A1) x A2<br />
If A2 is much larger than A1, a smaller force (F1) can be used to produce a much larger force (F2) to lift a load placed in a larger suction (Tipler, 1998).<br />
The following is an example of calculating the pressure on a hydraulic jack. For example, a hydraulic jack has two sockets with a cross-sectional area A1 = 5.0 cm2 and a cross-sectional area A2 = 200 cm2. When given an F1 force of 200 newtons, the suction with an A2 cross-sectional area will produce a force F2 = (F1: A1) x A2 = (200: 5) x 200 = 8000 newtons.<br />
<br />
Hydraulic Brake Principles Work<br />
The basis of braking work is the use of friction and Pascal's law. The vehicle's motion force will be resisted by this friction force so that the vehicle can stop (Triyanto, 2009). Hydraulic brakes are most widely used in passenger cars and light trucks. Hydraulic brakes using the principle of Pascal's law with pressure on a small piston will be forwarded to a large piston that holds the disc.<br />
Any liquid in the piston can be replaced. Hydraulic brakes are commonly used in brake fluid because the oil can also function to lubricate the piston so that it does not jam (immediately return to its original position if the brake is released). If water is used, it is feared that rusting will occur (Anonymous, 2009).<br />
<br />
Hydraulic Brake Principles Work<br />
Hydraulic Pump Operating Principle<br />
In running a particular system or to assist the operation of a system, we often use a hydraulic circuit. For example, to lift a series of containers that have loads of thousands of tons, to facilitate that use a hydraulic system.<br />
Hydraulic system is a technology that utilizes a liquid, usually oil, to make a line of movement or rotation. This system works according to Pascal's principle, that is, if a liquid is subjected to pressure, that pressure will propagate in all directions without increasing or decreasing its strength. The principle in a hydraulic circuit is to use a working fluid in the form of a liquid that is moved by a hydraulic pump to run a particular system (Anonymous, 2009).<br />
The hydraulic pump uses the kinetic energy of the liquid pumped in a column and the energy is given a sudden blow into another form of energy (compressed energy). This pump serves to transfer mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The hydraulic pump works by sucking oil from the hydraulic tank and pushing it into the hydraulic system in the form of flow (flow). This flow is exploited by turning it into pressure. Pressure is generated by blocking the flow of oil in the hydraulic system.<br />
These obstacles can be caused by orifice, cylinders, hydraulic motors, and actuators. Hydraulic pumps are commonly used there are two types of positive and nonpositive displacement pump (Aziz, 2009). There are two types of equipment that are usually used in converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, namely hydraulic motors and actuators. Hydraulic motors transfer hydraulic energy into mechanical energy by utilizing the oil flow in the system to convert it into rotational energy which is used to drive wheels, transmissions, pumps and others (Sanjaya, 2008).Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-32946092596724066812019-12-01T09:29:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:29:32.419-08:00Benefits or Uses of Polymers in Everyday Life<b>Benefits or Uses of Polymers in Everyday Life</b><br />
Uses of Polymers<br />
For Polyethylenterephthal Plastic (PET)<br />
For Polyethylene / Polyethylene (PE) Plastics<br />
For Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)<br />
For Nylon Plastics<br />
For Synthetic Rubber<br />
For Wol<br />
For cotton<br />
Polyethylentereftalat Plastic (PET)<br />
PET plastic is a synthetic polyester fiber (dacron) that is transparent with strong durability, resistant to acids, airtight, flexible, and not brittle. In terms of use, PET plastic ranks first. It uses around 72% as a beverage packaging with good quality. PET plastic is polyester that can be mixed with natural polymers such as silk, wool and cotton to produce clothing that is durable and easy to care for.<br />
<br />
Polyethylene / Polyethylene (PE) Plastics<br />
There are two types of PE plastic, namely Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). LDPE plastic is widely used as a plastic bag and wrapping food and goods. HDPE plastic is widely used as a base for making children's toys, strong pipes, gas lighters, radio and television bodies, and vinyl records.<br />
<br />
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)<br />
PVC plastic is thermoplastic with strong durability. This plastic is also resistant and impervious to oil and organic materials. There are two types of PVC plastic which are rigid and flexible. Rigid plastic forms are used for building construction, children's toys, PVC pipes (paralon), tables, cabinets, vinyl records, and some car components.<br />
As for the flexible form plastic, this type is used to make plastic hoses and electrical insulation. In terms of use, PVC plastic ranks third and around 68% is used for building construction (water pipes).<br />
<br />
Nylon Plastic<br />
Nylon plastic is a polyamide polymer (the process of formation such as protein formation). Nylon plastic was discovered in 1934 by Wallace Carothers of the Du Pont Company. At that time, Carothers reacted adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Plastic that is very strong (not easily damaged) and smooth is widely used for clothing, camping and rock climbing equipment, household equipment and laboratory equipment.<br />
<br />
Synthetic Rubber<br />
The famous synthetic rubber is Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), a polymer formed from the polymerization reaction between styrene and 1,3-butadiene. Synthetic rubber is widely used to make vehicle tires because it has good strength and does not expand when exposed to oil or gasoline.<br />
<br />
Wool<br />
Wool is a natural fiber from animal protein (keratin) which is insoluble. The flexible structure of wool protein produces good quality fabric, but sometimes causes problems because it can shrink in washing. Therefore, wool is mixed with PET to produce a good quality fabric and does not shrink during washing.<br />
<br />
Cotton<br />
Cotton is a natural fiber from vegetable materials (cellulose) which is the most widely used (almost 50% use of natural fiber comes from cotton). Cotton fabric is made from cotton fibers with chemical treatment so as to produce a fabric that is strong, comfortable to wear, and easy to care for.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-70833134134399994092019-12-01T09:28:00.005-08:002019-12-01T09:28:41.726-08:00Polymer Classification Based on Heat<b>Polymer Classification Based on Heat</b><br />
Based on its nature to heat, polymers can be distinguished from thermoplastic polymers (non-heat resistant, such as plastics) and thermostopped polymers (heat resistant, such as melamine).<br />
<br />
Thermoplastic polymer<br />
Thermoplast polymers are heat-resistant polymers. When the polymer is heated it will melt (soften), and can be melted to be reprinted (recycled). For example polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC.<br />
<br />
Polymer posted<br />
Posting polymers are heat-resistant polymers. The polymer when heated will not melt (difficult to soften), and difficult to recycle. For example melamine and bakelite.<br />
<br />
Examples of Artificial Polymers<br />
In everyday life, we certainly use a lot of artificial polymers. Here are some examples of artificial polymers around us:<br />
<br />
<br />
Synthetic Rubber<br />
With the increasing need for car and motorcycle tires, organic chemists have developed the manufacture of synthetic rubber to accelerate the acquisition of these needs. Synthetic rubbers are made using monomer-based materials, such as butadiene and styrene by copolymerization.<br />
<br />
Synthetic Fiber<br />
Cotton is a natural fiber which is a polymer from carbohydrates (cellulose), and a polymer from protein (wool and silk). Like rubber, fiber has synthetic polymers, namely nylon and polyester (dacron). Dakron or tetoron is polyester. This polymer is very strong, very flexible and transparent.<br />
<br />
Orlon<br />
Orlon is an addition polymer of an acrylonitrile monomer. This polymer is a synthetic fiber, like wool used in textiles as a mixture of wool, carpet, and socks.<br />
<br />
Plastic<br />
Plastic is the most popular synthetic polymer because it is widely used in everyday life. Based on the type of monomer, there are several types of plastic, namely as follows:<br />
<br />
Polyethene (Polyethylene)<br />
Polyethylene is a plastic polymer that is resilient (clay), low density, flexible, difficult to damage if long exposed in the air or when exposed to mud, but can not stand the heat. Polyethene is a plastic that is widely produced, printed sheets for plastic bags, yard wrapping, buckets, etc.<br />
<br />
Polypropene (Polypropylene)<br />
Polypropene has the same properties as polyethene. Because this plastic is also widely produced, only its strength is greater than polyethene and is more resistant to heat and resistant to acid and base reactions. This plastic is also used to make plastic bottles, sacks, water tanks, ropes, and electric canisters (insulators).<br />
<br />
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)<br />
PVC has hard and rigid properties used to make plastic pipes, plastic pipes, electrical cable pipes, synthetic leather, and plastic tiles.<br />
<br />
Teflon (Tetrafluoroetene)<br />
Teflon is a thin layer that is very resistant to heat and resistant to chemicals. Teflon is used for pan coatings (nonstick panic), tank coatings in chemical plants, broken pipes, and electrical cables.<br />
<br />
<br />
Bakelit (Phenol Formaldehyde)<br />
Bakelite is a type of polymer made from two types of monomers, namely phenol and formaldehyde. This polymer is very hard, its melting point is very high and it is fire resistant. Bakelite is used for electrical installations and tools that can withstand high temperatures, such as ashtrays and electric light fittings.<br />
<br />
Flexiglass (Polymethyl Methacrylate)<br />
Polymethyl Methacrylate abbreviated as PMMA has the trade name Flexiglass. Polymethyl methacrylate is the addition polymerization of the methyl methacrylate monomer (H2C = CH-COOH3). PMMA is a strong and transparent plastic. This polymer is used for aircraft windows and car taillights.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-80640852640234478092019-12-01T09:28:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:28:05.137-08:00Example of the Formation of Polyethene from Ethene<b>Example of the Formation of Polyethene from Ethene</b><br />
Here are some examples of their formation:<br />
In the formation of polyisoprene, the two double bonds of number 1 and C number 3 first open, then the single bonds of C number 2 and C number 3 form the double bonds. From the examples of the reaction above, it can be concluded that in addition addition polymerization the byproducts are formed and the monomers must contain double bonds. Examples of addition polymers can be seen in the table below.<br />
<br />
Polymer Monomers Polymer name<br />
Polyethylene Plastic bags, bottles, toys, electrical insulation<br />
Polypropylene Plastic rugs, bottles<br />
Polystyrene Wood varnish, styrofoam, plastic insulation, plastic cups, toys, packing material<br />
Polyvinyl chloride Pipe, plastic tile<br />
Polyvinyl dienkloride Plastic wrap<br />
Politetraethylene (Teflon) Cookware, electrical insulation (cable cover)<br />
Polyacrylonitrile Wigs (toupee), paint, thread<br />
Polyvinylacetate Textile, gumresin, paint<br />
Polymetilmetakrilat Glass making material, bowling ball maker<br />
Condensation Polymers<br />
<br />
Condensation is the reaction of combining functional groups between the two monomers. That is, condensation polymerization is the reaction of polymer formation from monomers having two functional groups. For example, polypeptide compounds or proteins and polysaccharides are biomolecular compounds formed by condensation polymerization reactions.<br />
<br />
Condensation polymerization will produce small molecules of water and the monomers have functional groups at both ends of the chain. If formulated, the general reaction is as follows:<br />
n monomers → 1 polymer + (n - 1) H2O<br />
<br />
Here are some examples of the formation of condensation polymerization:<br />
The formation of nylon<br />
Nylon is a polymer that was discovered by Wallace Hume Carothers in 1934 while working at the Du Pont company. Nylon polymers are formed from 6-aminohexanoic acid (HOOCCH2 (CH2) 3CH2NH2) monomers. In this polymerization, the carboxyl group of the monomer binds to the amino group of the monomer.<br />
<br />
Formation of polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) or dacron<br />
Similar to nylon-66, polyester dacron is formed by 2 different polymers, namely from ethylene glycol (polyalkohol) with dimethyl terephthalate (ester compound).<br />
<br />
Polymer Classification Based on Type of Monomer<br />
Based on the type of monomer, polymers can consist of homopolymers and copolymers.<br />
<br />
Homopolymer<br />
Homopolymers are polymers with similar monomers. For example, cellulose and protein.<br />
(-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-) n<br />
In homopolymer addition polymers, the double bonds open then bind to form a single bonded polymer.<br />
<br />
Copolymer<br />
Copolymers or also called heteropolymers are polymers whose monomers are not the same type. Examples of dacron, nylon-66, melamine (phenol formaldehyde). The process of polymer formation takes place with high temperature and pressure or assisted with a catalyst, but without the catalyst the molecular structure is formed irregularly.<br />
Thus, the function of the catalyst is to control the formation process of polymer molecular stricture to be more orderly so that the properties of the polymer obtained are as expected. Examples of the molecular chain structures of irregular polymer 9) polymerization products without catalysts are as follows:<br />
<br />
(-P-S-S-P-P-S-S-S-P-S-P-) n<br />
Irregular copolymers<br />
In the process of forming the polymer used by the catalyst, the molecular structure formed will be regular. Examples of regular polymer molecular chain structures (polymerization products with catalysts) are as follows:<br />
<br />
Block system:<br />
(-P-P-P-S-S-S-P-P-P-S-S-S-) n<br />
Block copolymer alternating system:<br />
(-P-S-P-S-P-S-P-S-P-S-P-S-P-) n<br />
Copolymers alternateMack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-47264880498828440292019-12-01T09:26:00.005-08:002019-12-01T09:26:56.591-08:00Polymer Classification Based on Origin<b>Polymer Classification Based on Origin</b><br />
Based on its origin, polymers can be distinguished from natural and synthetic polymers.<br />
<br />
Natural Polymers<br />
Natural polymers are polymers found in nature and come from living things. Examples of natural polymers can be seen in the table below<br />
No. Polymer Monomer Polymerization Example<br />
1. Starch / starch Glucose Condensation Grains, root roots<br />
2. Glucose Cellulose Vegetable, Wood, Cotton Condensation<br />
3. Protein amino acids Condensation for Milk, meat, eggs, wool, silk<br />
4. Nucleotic Acid Condensation of DNA and RNA (cell) Molecules<br />
5. Natural rubber Isoprene Rubber tree sap addition<br />
The properties of natural polymers are less favorable. For example, natural rubber is sometimes easily damaged, not elastic, and choppy. This can occur because natural rubber is not resistant to petrol or kerosene oil and has long been open in the air.<br />
Another example, silk and wool are bacterial protein compounds, so wool and silk are easily damaged. Generally natural polymers have hydrophilic (water-like) properties, are difficult to melt and are difficult to print, so it is very difficult to develop the function of natural polymers for broader purposes in people's daily lives.<br />
<br />
Polymer Synthesis<br />
Synthetic polymer or artificial polymer is a polymer that is not found in nature and must be made by humans. Until now, polymer chemists have been conducting natural molecular structure research to develop their synthesis polymers. From the results of these studies produced synthetic polymers that can be designed for its properties, such as high and low melting points, flexibility and hardness, as well as resistance to chemicals. The goal is to obtain a synthetic polymer which is used as expected.<br />
Synthesis polymers that have been developed for commercial purposes, for example the formation of fibers for fabric threads and the production of elastic tires against highways. Today chemists have succeeded in developing hundreds of types of synthetic polymers for broader purposes. Examples of synthetic polymers can be seen in the table below:<br />
No Polymer Monomers Available at<br />
1. Polyethene Ethene Pouches, plastic cables<br />
2. Polypropene Propena Ropes, sacks, plastic bottles<br />
3. PVC Vinyl chloride Paralon pipe, floor coating<br />
4. Polyvinyl alcohol Vinyl alcohol Tub of water<br />
5. Teflon Tetrafluoroetene Non-stick skillet or pan<br />
6. Dacron Methyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol Magnetic record pipe, fabric or textile (synthetic wool)<br />
7. Adipic and hexamethylene diamin acid Nylon Textiles<br />
8. Polybutadiene Butadiena Motorcycle tires<br />
9. Polyester Esters and Ethylene Glycol Car Tires<br />
10. Melamine Phenol formaldehyde Plate and melamine glass<br />
11. Epoxy resin benzene methoxy and secondary alcohol paint coating (epoxy paint)<br />
Polymer Classification Based on the Process Formation<br />
The polymer formation reaction is called polymerization, so the polymerization reaction is the reaction of combining small molecules (monomers) to form large molecules (polymers). There are two types of polymerization, namely addition polymerization and condensation polymerization.<br />
<br />
Addition polymer<br />
As we have already seen, that addition reaction is a reaction of breaking double bonds into a single bond so that there are atoms that are added in the compound that is formed. Thus, addition polymerization is the reaction of the formation of polymers from double bonded monomers (unsaturated bonds). In this reaction the monomers open their double bonds and then bind with other monomers to produce a single bonded polymer (saturated bond).<br />
That is, the addition polymer monomers that form additives are carbon-bound double bond compounds such as alkenes, sterines, and haloalkenes. This addition polymer is usually identical to plastic, because almost all plastics are made by addition polymerization. For example polyethene, polypropene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon and polyisoprene.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-76047031578375116842019-12-01T09:26:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:26:17.829-08:00Three-Dimensional Tissue Polymer<b>Three-Dimensional Tissue Polymer</b><br />
Polymeric Properties<br />
Polymers are macromolecules which consist of many classes of natural and synthetic materials with very diverse properties. The difference between the two materials lies in whether or not a polymer is degraded or overhauled by microbes. Usually, synthetic polymers are more difficult to decompose by microorganisms than natural polymer materials. The difference in the properties of the polymer is influenced by the structure of the polymer, which includes:<br />
<br />
1. The length of the polymer chain<br />
The longer the polymer chain, the higher the strength and melting point of the compound.<br />
<br />
2. Intermolecular force<br />
The greater the intermolecular force in the polymer chain, the polymer will be strong and difficult to melt.<br />
<br />
3. Branching<br />
The multi-branched polymer chain has low tensile strength and melts easily.<br />
<br />
4. Cross-linking between polymer chains<br />
The more cross-linking, the more rigid and brittle the polymer so that it is easily broken. That is because the presence of cross-linkages between polymer chains results in rigid tissue forming and forming hard materials.<br />
<br />
<br />
5. The crystallinity properties of the polymer chain<br />
The higher the crystallinity, the polymer chain will be stronger and more resistant to chemicals and enzymes. Usually the high crystallinity is polymers with regular structure, whereas polymers with irregular structure tend to have low crystallinity and are amorphous (not hard).<br />
<br />
General Properties of Polymers<br />
1. Thermal Properties<br />
Polymers as insulators have good thermal properties even though polymers are not conductors. When viewed from its type, some polymers that are heated become soft but some pulses become hard. This change is important for certain component materials.<br />
<br />
2. Flexibility<br />
Because it is flexible, polymers are easily processed into desired products. But, natural polymers are more to be processed as desired than synthetic polymers.<br />
<br />
3. Nature of Resistance to Microorganisms<br />
The nature of resistance to these microorganisms is usually owned by synthetic polymers. While natural polymers such as silk, wool, and other natural polymers are not resistant to microorganisms.<br />
<br />
4. Other Properties<br />
Other properties possessed by polymers include the following:<br />
Light, in the sense of a small weight / volume ratio;<br />
Resists corrosion and damage to aggressive environments;<br />
Its dimensions are stable because it has a large molecular weight; and others.<br />
Polymers that have cross-bonds will be thermosetting, while polymers that do not have cross-bonds will be thermoplastic.<br />
Thermosetting is a type of polymer that remains hard and cannot be soft when subjected to heat. This polymer can only be heated once, at the time of manufacture. So if after a break can not be reconnected. An example of this type of polymer is Bakelite.<br />
Thermoplastic is a type of polymer that can be softened when it is hot and hardened again after being cooled. This means that this type of polymer can be heated repeatedly. Examples of polymers that enter this type are types of plastics such as polyethylene PE, PP polyproylene plastics, polyethylene terephthalate plastics, and polyvinyl chloride PVC plastics.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-29669109435045255512019-12-01T09:25:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:25:34.400-08:00Understanding and Polymer Structure<b>Understanding and Polymer Structure</b><br />
Polymers - Definition, Structure, Properties, Classification, Formation, Uses, Benefits, Example: Polymers are repeating chains of long atoms, formed from binders in the form of identical molecules called monomers. Although most are organic compounds (having carbon chains), there are also many inorganic polymers.<br />
<br />
Definition of Polymers<br />
Polymer is a macromolecule or also called a giant molecule composed of several monomers (simple small molecules). Polymers are large molecules (macromolecules) consisting of small, simple, and recurring chemical structures composed of covalent bonds. This repeating unit is usually equivalent or almost equivalent to a monomer, the starting material of a polymer.<br />
Currently, polymers are widely used in meeting daily needs. Polymers are usually produced in many developing countries and are cheap. Examples of uses of polymers are to make bottles, drums, pipes, home furniture and so on. Therefore, in this paper we will discuss about polymers and their applications so that we understand more about polymers and their development in meeting daily needs.<br />
<br />
Understanding Monomers<br />
A monomer is any substance that can be converted into a polymer. For example, ethylene is a monomer that can be polymerized into polyethylene (see reaction below). Amino acids include monomers too, which can be polymerized to polypeptides by the release of water.<br />
monomer example<br />
<br />
Polymer Examples<br />
carbohydrate,<br />
protein,<br />
fat, natural rubber,<br />
and a number of plastics such as polyethylene (PE),<br />
PP polypropylene plastic,<br />
PET polyethylene terephthalate plastic,<br />
PVC polyvinyl chloride plastic,<br />
PS polystyrene plastic,<br />
Teflon, and Nylon.<br />
<br />
Polymer Structure<br />
Based on the structure of the polymer is divided into:<br />
<br />
Linear polymer<br />
Linear polymers consist of long chains of skeletal atoms that can bind to substituent groups. These polymers can usually dissolve in several solvents, and are solid at normal temperatures. This polymer exists as an elastomer, a flexible (flexible) or thermoplastic material such as glass).<br />
<br />
Linear polymer<br />
Examples: Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Lucite, Plexiglas, or perspex), polyacrylonitrile (orlon or creslan) and nylon 66.<br />
<br />
Branched polymer<br />
The branched polymer can be visualized as a linear polymer with a branching on the same basic structure as the main chain.<br />
<br />
Three-dimensional network polymer<br />
Three-dimensional tissue polymers are polymers with chemical bonds present between chains. This material is usually swelled (inflated) by the solvent but not until it dissolves. This irregularity can be used as a criterion of network structure. The greater the percentage of cross-links (cross-links) the smaller the amount of swelling. If the degree of crosslinking is high enough, the polymer can become rigid, high melting point, solid that cannot be inflated, for example diamond (diamond).Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-7987765604505428672019-12-01T09:08:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:08:38.431-08:00Sulfur Oxides are the Result of Burning Fossil Fuels<b>Sulfur Oxides are the Result of Burning Fossil Fuels</b><br />
Acid rain<br />
Rainwater is usually acidic with a pH of around 6. This is because rainwater mixes with carbon dioxide in the air to produce carbonic acid. Well, if the pH of rainwater is less than 5.6 ... this phenomenon is called acid rain.<br />
Acid rain occurs because the air is polluted by substances (oxides) that are acidic, especially sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3) and nitrogen oxides (NO2).<br />
<br />
Sulfur oxides are the result of burning fossil fuels, especially coal, and the metal processing industry. whereas nitrogen oxides come from motor vehicle fumes and industrial fumes.<br />
Acid rain causes losses because it can disturb the balance of the ecosystem, reduce soil fertility, damage buildings especially those made of metal and carbonate rock (marble), kill living things in water, and damage forests because soil pH is too acidic and can cause plants to die. Soil pH ranges from 4 to 8, but mostly between 6.5 and 7.5. In lime soils are usually more alkaline, whereas in sandy or peat (swamps) and clay soils are usually more acidic. Fertile soils are usually in the range of 6.5 to 7.5.<br />
<br />
Acid in the Laboratory<br />
very many types of acids used in laboratories, both school laboratories, campuses, as well as company and research laboratories. Among others are..<br />
<br />
Bases in the Human Body<br />
Guess what! where is the presence of acid in our body? If you say it's in the stomach, your answer is correct! Yay ... stomach acid is the same HCl (hydrochloric acid) that you used for the lab yesterday. The pH is 1-2 ... strong acid! why does our body need stomach acid with a strong pH?<br />
Remember, how can HCl be able to aluminum plate until it runs out? It's scary if our stomach becomes perforated.<br />
Normally, stomach acid works to kill bacteria that enter the food you eat. God is good, we know that we often eat carelessly. Forgot to wash your hands ... eat along the road a lot of dust ... what ... there must be a lot of bacteria that enter the stomach through these foods. Well ... this stomach acid (HCl) will neutralize everything ... kill the incoming bacteria! Especially if zinc ketek * God forbid * ... but calm ... stomach acid will neutralize it<br />
Gastric acid can also create conditions suitable for protein digestion. So in the process of protein digestion, the enzyme that works on this process only wants if the acidic conditions in the stomach are already right, then he wants to work digesting protein.<br />
<br />
You've all used NaOH in practicum right? actually the benefits of NaOH in everyday life are very many. NaOH is known as fire soda. NaOH is the raw material in making soap because it can dissolve fat into soap compounds. This reaction to making soap is called saponification.<br />
Fire soda is also used to wash the sink and open the toilet drain which is clogged with paper or tissue material, because the soda can destroy cellulose which is the basic material of paper and tissue. Soda fire is also commonly used to clean ovens (grills). Fire soda in the industry is also widely used in making paper and rayon as a bleach.<br />
Next is calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 or lime. Lime is usually used by grandmothers for betel and cement mixed building materials. Come on you try to find out, why do grandmothers like betel ?? Hehehe. Lime is also used to neutralize soil polluted by acid rain.<br />
Another example is ammonia (NH3) which is often used in facial cleansers or glass cleaners. Why? because the ammonia base is a weak base. Remember the nature of bases that can dissolve fat.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-9163578518576058772019-12-01T09:07:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:07:27.576-08:00Feature Base Solution<b>Feature Base Solution</b><br />
Bases are substances that can neutralize acids. Chemically acids and bases contradict each other. Water-soluble bases are called alkalis.<br />
based on their strength, bases are divided into weak bases and strong bases. The smaller the pH value, the stronger the base. I corrected this one too .. A weak base has a pH of around 9-11, whereas a strong base has a pH from 12 to 14.<br />
<br />
The PH is more than 7<br />
Making red litmus paper into blue litmus paper (change color)<br />
Bitter<br />
Corrosive to skin<br />
Example:<br />
<br />
KOH + H2O K + + OH–<br />
<br />
CaOH + H2O Ca ++ OH–<br />
Some bases that we can find in everyday life are:<br />
Chemical Base Formula Name Example Material<br />
Aluminum hydroxide<br />
Calcium hydroxide<br />
Sodium hydroxide<br />
Potassium hydroxide<br />
Magnesium hydroxide<br />
AlOH3<br />
CaOH2<br />
NaOH<br />
KOH<br />
Mg (OH) 2<br />
Deodorant<br />
Plaster<br />
<br />
Soap ingredients, cleaning drains<br />
Soap ingredients<br />
Heartburn medication<br />
<br />
The Nature of Base Solutions<br />
Basa (alkali) comes from Arabic which means ash. One definition of a base is a substance which, if dissolved in water, will produce hydroxide ions (OH-).<br />
Initial indicators were obtained from plants, but now they are made in factories. Litmus, for example, is obtained from lycen, a symbiosis of fungi and algae. Apart from lichens, various colored plants can be used as indicators of acid-base. For example petals, red cabbage, and beets.<br />
<br />
Acidity (pH)<br />
Acid solutions have different levels of acidity. Differences in acidity can occur due to differences in concentrations. The acidity level is commonly expressed on a pH scale. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with the following conditions:<br />
Acid solutions have a pH <7<br />
Base solution has a pH> 7<br />
Neutral solutions have pH = 7<br />
So the more acidic a solution is, the smaller the pH. Solutions with pH = 1 have 10 times more acidic properties than solutions with pH = 2.<br />
The hydroxide ion has a negative charge (so it's given a minus sign (-) next to the back of OH). Bases are the opposite of acids. In general, Bases have the following properties:<br />
Bitter taste when dissolved in water (only for weak bases)<br />
Touch: feels slippery like soap when touched (only for weak bases)<br />
Caustic (can damage skin tissue / irritation)<br />
Electric conductivity: can conduct electricity (an electrolyte solution)<br />
The degree of acidity (pH) is greater than 7<br />
Change the litmus color to blue<br />
In its pure state it is generally in the form of solid crystals<br />
can emulsify oil<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Compounds: Understanding, Characteristics, Properties, And Kinds With Complete Examples<br />
<br />
Examples of Base Solutions<br />
Some examples of bases used in daily life are as follows:<br />
Soda fire (sodium hydroxide NaOH) functions to dissolve fats and oils so that it can be used to open clogged sinks.<br />
Calcium hydroxide or lime (Ca (OH) 2) is used for whiting and as a building material, which is a mixture of cement mortar<br />
Ammonia (NH3 solution) is used in facial cleansers or glass cleaners<br />
Acid in the Body<br />
Everyday life bases<br />
Fire soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOh), functions to:<br />
- Dissolve fats and oils<br />
- clean the oven<br />
- destroy seloluse<br />
Calcium hydroxide or lime (Ca (OH)<br />
Ammonia (NH3 solution) is used as a glass cleaner.<br />
Indicator<br />
The way to find out whether a substance is classified as acidic or basic is to use an indicator.<br />
Indicator is a substance that can be paid for colors when inserted into acidic or basic compounds. Indicator can be paper or solution, indicator in the form of paper is litmus paper.<br />
There are two kinds of litmus paper, namely red litmus and blue litmus. How to use is litmus paper inserted into the compound, then see the color change.<br />
A compound is acidic if the blue litmus paper turns red, but the red litmus paper does not change color ... while if the base group compound is red the litmus paper turns blue, but the blue litmus paper does not change color. If the compound does not change the color of litmus paper, it is classified as not an acid or base or a neutral compound.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-92210723467809737972019-12-01T09:06:00.002-08:002019-12-01T09:06:27.580-08:00Strong Acidic Acid Base<b>Strong Acidic Acid Base</b><br />
Weak base solution<br />
Ie, a base where only some of its molecules are broken down into OH- ions. The concept of salt solutions derived from strong acids and weak bases are acidic. An example is NH4Cl, this salt is formed from the results of a neutralization reaction between NH3 and HCl and in fully ionized water produces NH4 + and Cl ions.<br />
NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) = NH4Cl (aq)<br />
Strong acidic acid base<br />
Weak<br />
NH4Cl (aq) = NH4 (aq) + Cl (aq)<br />
Ion Cl comes from strong acids, is a weak Bronsted-Lowry base so it does not react with water (unable to attract H + ions), whereas NH + ions come from weak bases, so it is a strong Bronsted-Lowry acid so that it can react with water (hydrolyzed) or give H + ions to water.<br />
NH4 + (aq) + H2O === NH3 (aq) H3O + (l)<br />
Because NH4 + ions can give H + ions to water, the solution becomes acidic and it is known that the Ka value from the equilibrium above is 5.6 x 10-10. Determination of pH<br />
Example<br />
If it is known that 0.1 M NH4Cl and Kb NH3 = 1.8x 10-5, then in the salt water NH4Cl is fully ionized with the following reaction equation:<br />
<br />
NH4Cl (aq) = NH4 + (aq) + Cl- (aq)<br />
Because the coefficients of NH4Cl and NH4 + are the same then [NH4 +] = [NH4Cl] = 0.1 M ions of NH4 + undergo hydrolysis as follows,<br />
NH4 (aq) + + H2O (l) === NH3 (aq) + H3O + (aq)<br />
The equation for the hydolysis constant is as follows,<br />
Kh = [NH3] [H3O +]<br />
[NH4 +]<br />
<br />
Various Kinds of Bases<br />
The strength of a base is influenced by the number of OH ions produced by the base compound in the solution. Based on how much OH ions are produced, base solutions are also divided into two types as follows.<br />
<br />
Strong bases<br />
A strong base is a base compound which ionizes entirely into its ions. The strong base ionization reaction is an end reaction.<br />
In general, strong base ionisations are formulated as follows.<br />
M (OH) x (aq) ⎯⎯ → Mx + (aq) + x OH– (aq)<br />
<br />
Strong bases<br />
Weak base<br />
Weak bases are base compounds in which the solution is only slightly ionized into ions.<br />
The weak base ionization reaction is also an equilibrium reaction.<br />
In general, weak valence one ionization bases can be formulated as follows.<br />
M (OH) (aq) ← ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → M + (aq) + OH– (aq)<br />
<br />
Weak base<br />
The stronger the base, the base equilibrium reaction is leaning to the right, as a result, the Kb increases.<br />
Therefore, the price of Kb is a measure of base strength, the greater the Kb the stronger the base.<br />
Based on the above equation, because on a weak base [M +] = [OH–], the above equation can be changed to:<br />
Weak Acid 1<br />
Examples of strong bases:<br />
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)<br />
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)<br />
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)<br />
Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2)<br />
Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH)<br />
Strontium hydroxide (Sr (OH) 2)<br />
Sesium hydroxide (CsOH)<br />
Barium hydroxide (Ba (OH) 2)<br />
Magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH) 2)<br />
Beryllium hydroxide Be (OH) 2)<br />
Examples of weak bases:<br />
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)<br />
Aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3)<br />
Iron (III) hydroxide (Fe (OH) 3)<br />
Ammonia (NH3)<br />
Iron (II) hydroxide (Fe (OH) 2)<br />
Carboxy hydroxide (CA (OH) 3)<br />
Nickel hydroxide (Ni (OH) 2)<br />
Zinc hydroxide (Zn (OH) 2)<br />
Cadmium hydroxide (Cd (OH) 2)<br />
Bismuth hydroxide (Bi (OH) 3)<br />
Silver hydroxide (Ag (OH))<br />
Gold (I) hydroxide (Au (OH))<br />
Gold (III) hydroxide (Au (OH) 3)<br />
Copper (I) hydroxide (Cu (OH) 2)<br />
Copper (II) hydroxide (Cu (OH))<br />
Mercury (I) hydroxide (Hg (OH))<br />
Mercury (II) hydroxide (Hg (OH) 2)<br />
Tin (II) hydroxide (Sn (OH) 2)<br />
Tin (IV) hydroxide (Sn (OH) 4)<br />
Lead (II) hydroxide (Pb (OH) 2)<br />
Manganese hydroxide (Mn (OH) 2)<br />
Cobalt (III) hydroxide (Co (OH) 3)<br />
Cobalt (II) hydroxide (Co (OH) 2)<br />
Anilia (C6H5NH2)<br />
Dimethylamine ((CH3) 2NH)<br />
Hydrasim (H2NNH2)<br />
Hydroxylamide (HONH2)<br />
Methylamine (CH3NH2)<br />
Urea (H2NCONH2)<br />
Glucose (C6H2O6)<br />
Methyl hydroxide (CH3OH)Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-5867032099129370482019-12-01T09:05:00.003-08:002019-12-01T09:05:37.850-08:00Base Solution Classification<b>Base Solution Classification</b><br />
As with acids, alkaline substances can also be easily found in our daily lives. Its slippery nature and bitter taste are easy ways to recognize alkaline substances. Some examples of alkaline substances that are often used are:<br />
Sodium hydroxide / caustic soda / soda ash and potassium hydroxide, as raw material for cleaning in the household, for example bath soap, washing soap, detergent, bleach and floor cleaner<br />
Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide, contained in stomach pain medications (antacids)<br />
Ammonia, for disinfecting solvents (preventing infection) and urea fertilizer raw materials<br />
Just like acids, bases are also divided into strong bases and weak bases. The strength of a base can be determined from its ability to release negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH- ions) when dissolved in water. The more OH ions released, the stronger the basic properties. All basic chemical formulas generally contain the OH– group.<br />
<br />
some examples of strong bases and weak bases<br />
As is the case with acid solutions, based on their ability to break down into OH-ions in water, basic solutions can be divided into two types namely, Strong Base Solutions and Weak Base Solutions<br />
Titration of strong acid strong base is a method of determining the level of strong acid solution with a peniter (penitration) of a strong base solution, or determination of the level of a strong base solution with a peniter (penitrating) a solution of strong acid. The end point of the titration is the condition when the color changes of the indicator. The endpoint of the titration is expected to be close to the equivalent point of the titration, ie the condition when the strong acid solution precisely reacts with the strong base solution.<br />
<br />
In the titration process of strong acids with strong bases and vice versa, both solutions can be ionized completely. This is because the solution of strong acids and strong bases is included in the strong electrolyte solution which can be ionized completely in water. Thus, the salt created in this reaction has neutral properties.<br />
Therefore, in the titration process of strong acids with strong bases the equivalent point is when the pH of the mixture is equal to 7 (neutral).<br />
Strong base solution<br />
is a base when dissolved in partially or water. all the molecules ionize into OH- ions.<br />
<br />
The concept of Salt from strong acids and strong bases<br />
This salt solution is neutral. For example, the neutralization reaction between NaOH and HCl produces a salt of NaCl. In water, fully ionized NaCl produces Na + and Cl- ions<br />
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) = NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)<br />
Neutral acid base<br />
Strong strong<br />
NaCl = Na + + Cl-<br />
The Na + ion comes from a strong base and the Cl- ion also comes from a strong acid, so both of these ions are acidic and the Bronsted-Lowry base is weak so that both do not react with water (not hydrolyzed). Therefore the solution is neutral or pH = 7Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-5102615798090559822019-12-01T09:05:00.000-08:002019-12-01T09:05:00.755-08:00Theory According to Bronsted-Lowry<b>Theory According to Bronsted-Lowry</b><br />
Acids are donor protons, while bases are proton acceptors.<br />
The acid-base theory from Arrhenius apparently cannot apply to all solvents, because it is specifically for water solvents. Likewise it is not suitable with the salting reaction because not all salts are neutral, but some are acidic and some are alkaline.<br />
The concept of acid base is more commonly proposed by Johannes Bronsted, base is a substance that can receive protons. Ionization of hydrochloric acid in water is seen as the transfer of protons from acids to bases.<br />
<br />
HCl + H 2 O -> H 3 O + + Cl -<br />
Likewise the reaction between hydrochloric acid and ammonia, involves the transfer of protons from HCl to NH 3.<br />
HCl + NH 3 ⇄ NH 4 + + Cl -<br />
Ionization of weak acids can be described in the same way.<br />
HOAc + H 2 O ⇄ H 3 O + + OAc -<br />
In 1923 a British chemist named T.M. Lowry also proposed the same thing with Bronsted so his acid-base theory was called Bronsted-Lowry. It should be noted here that H + from acids combine with water molecules to form polyatomic ions H 3 O + called Hydronium ions. Common reactions that occur when acid is dissolved in water are:<br />
HA + H 2 O ⇄ H 3 O + + A -<br />
This presentation shows the great role of polar water molecules in attracting protons from acids.<br />
Note that conjugate acids are formed if the proton still remains after the acid has lost one proton. Both are conjugate acid-base pairs consisting of two substances that are related to each other because of the proton administration or proton reception. However, acid-base dissociation is still used in Arrhenius, but the true meaning we must understand<br />
Johannes N. Bronsted and Thomas M. Lowry prove that not all acids contain H + ions and not all bases contain OH - ions.<br />
<br />
Bronsted - Lowry put forward the theory that acids are species that give H + (donor protons) and bases are species that accept H + (proton acceptors). If an acid gives an H + to a base molecule, then the rest will be the conjugate base of the original acid. Likewise, if the base receives H +, then the rest is the conjugate acid from the original base. Bronsted - Lowry's theory clearly shows the presence of Hydronium ions (H 3 O +) significantly.<br />
HF is a pair of F - and H 2 O is a pair of H 3 O +. Water has ampiprotic properties because it can be as a base and can be as an acid.<br />
<br />
HCl + H 2 O -> H 3 O + + Cl -<br />
Alkaline Acid<br />
NH 3 + H 2 O ⇄ NH 4 + + OH -<br />
<br />
The benefits of the acid-base theory according to Bronsted - Lowry are as follows:<br />
1. The application is not limited to water solvents, but to all solvents containing Hydrogen atoms and even without solvents.<br />
2. Acids and bases are not only molecular, but can also be anions and cations.<br />
Another example:<br />
HAc (aq) + H 2 O (l) -> H 3 O + (aq) + Ac - (aq)<br />
acid-1 base-2 acid-2 base-1<br />
HAc with Ac - is a conjugate acid-base pair.<br />
H 3 O + with H 2 O is the conjugate acid-base pair.<br />
H 2 O (l) + NH 3 (aq) -> NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq)<br />
acid-1 base-2 acid-2 base-1<br />
H 2 O with OH - is a conjugate acid-base pair. NH 4 + with NH 3 is the conjugate acid-base pair.<br />
<br />
In the example above it appears that water can be both acidic (donor proton) and basic (proton acceptor). Substances or ions or species like this are ampiprotic (amphoteric).Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-26094201935050888462019-12-01T08:40:00.002-08:002019-12-01T08:40:47.855-08:00Salt from Weak Acid with Strong Base<b>Salt from Weak Acid with Strong Base</b><br />
Weak acids with weak bases can form total (perfect) hydrolyzed salts in water. Both cations and anions can be hydrolyzed in water. This salt solution can be acidic, basic, or neutral. This depends on the ratio of the strength of cations to anions in reaction with water.<br />
Example<br />
A weak HCN acid is mixed with a weak base, NH 3 will form NH 4 CN salt. HCN is partially ionized in water to form H + and CN - whereas NH 3 in water is partially ionized to form NH4 + and OH-. CN - base anions and NH 4 + acid cations can be hydrolyzed in water.<br />
NH 4 CN (aq) → NH 4 + (aq) + CN - (aq)<br />
NH 4 + (aq) + H 2 O → NH 3 (aq) + H 3 O (aq) +<br />
CN - (aq) + H 2 O (e) → HCN (aq) + OH - (aq)<br />
<br />
Salt from Weak Acid with Weak Bases<br />
The nature of the solution depends on the relative strength of acids and their constituent bases (Ka and Kb)<br />
If Ka <Kb (acid is weaker than base) the anion will be hydrolyzed more and the solution is basic.<br />
if Ka> Kb (the acid is stronger than the base) the cation will be hydrolyzed more in an acidic solution.<br />
If Ka = Kb (acid is as weak as base) the solution is neutral.<br />
<br />
Examples of Salt Solution<br />
Everyday life<br />
salt and its use<br />
Example Problem 1<br />
The following are some examples along with solving problems related to salt hydrolysis that we have just studied together:<br />
1. What is the pH of the solution of 100 mL 0.01 M sodium cyanide solution? (Head of HCN = 10-10)<br />
Solution and Answers:<br />
Sodium cyanide solution is formed from a mixture of strong bases (NaOH) with weak acids (HCN). Thus, the salt solution undergoes partial hydrolysis and is basic.<br />
NaCN (aq) → Na + (aq) + CN– (aq)<br />
Hydrolyzed ions are CN- ions. The concentration of CN ions is 0.01 M. Thus, the pH of the salt solution can be obtained through the following equation:<br />
[OH-] = {(Kw / Ka) ([hydrolyzed ion])} 1/2<br />
[OH-] = {(10-14 / 10-10) (0.01)} 1/2<br />
[OH-] = 10-3 B<br />
Thus, the pOH of the solution is 3. So, the pH of the salt solution is 11.<br />
2. What is the pH of the solution of 200 mL of 0.1 M barium acetate solution? (Head CH3COOH = 2.10-5)<br />
Solution and Answers:<br />
Barium acetate solution is formed from a mixture of strong bases (Ba (OH) 2) with weak acids (CH3COOH). Thus, the salt solution undergoes partial hydrolysis and is basic.<br />
BA (CH3COO) 2 (aq) → Ba + 2 (aq) + 2 CH3COO– (aq)<br />
Hydrolyzed ions are CH3COO- ions. The CH3COO- ion concentration is 0.2 M. Thus, the pH of the salt solution can be obtained through the following equation:<br />
[OH-] = {(Kw / Ka) ([hydrolyzed ion])} 1/2<br />
[OH-] = {(10-14 / 2.10-5) (0.2)} 1/2<br />
[OH-] = 10-5 billion<br />
Thus, the pOH of the solution is 5. So, the pH of the salt solution is 9.<br />
3. Calculate the pH of the NH4Cl 0.42 M solution! (NH4OH KB = 1.8.10-5)<br />
Solution and Answers:<br />
Ammonium chloride solution is formed from a mixture of weak bases (NH4OH) with strong acids (HCl). Thus, the salt solution undergoes partial hydrolysis and is acidic.<br />
NH4Cl (aq) → NH4 + (aq) + Cl– (aq)<br />
Hydrolyzed ions are NH4 + ions. The concentration of the NH4 + ion is 0.42 M. Thus, the pH of the salt solution can be obtained through the following equation:<br />
<br />
[H +] = {(Kw / Kb) ([hydrolyzed ion])} 1/2<br />
[H +] = {(10-14 / 1.8.10-5) (0.42)} 1/2<br />
[H +] = 1,53.10-5 M<br />
Thus, the pH of the salt solution is 4.82.<br />
Example Problem 2<br />
a.First try<br />
Weigh 5.58 grams of table salt (NaCl)<br />
Put salt in a beaker containing ml water, then stir<br />
Put the kitchen salt solution into the measuring flask<br />
Add water until the volume reaches 100 ml, then stir<br />
b. Second try<br />
Put the 3M HCl solution + water into the beaker<br />
Then mix the HCL solution with 100 ml of 1M HCL<br />
After that measure until the volume reaches 100 ml, then stir<br />
Answers a & b<br />
Conclusion<br />
a. First conclusion<br />
From observations and laboratory practices, our group was able to find out that, making a 100 ml NaCl 1M salt solution by dissolving 5.85 grams of salt + water to 100 ml volume. While from the results of this chemical practice, our group obtained concentration data from NaCl solution of 1M<br />
b. Second conclusion<br />
From laboratory observations and practices, our group was able to find out that, making a 100 ml 1M HCL solution by diluting a 33.33 ml HCL 3M + water solution to reach a 100 ml volume.<br />
<br />
Suggestion<br />
In practicing the making of salt solutions must be done seriously and thoroughly. Because, if the practicum is not careful or incorrect in calculating the mass, it will affect the process of making the solution. Therefore, in this practicum, it must be careful and thorough.<br />
<br />
Example Problem 3<br />
One way to obtain salt compounds is by reacting acids with alkaline substances. This reaction is known as a salting reaction or also called a neutralization reaction. In everyday life salt that is often used include: table salt (NaCl), English salt (MgSO4) as a laxative, baking soda (NaHCO3) as a bread developer, monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a flavor enhancer.<br />
The nature of salt depends on the acid and base forming it. Salt that comes from the reaction between acid and base can be acidic, basic or neutral.<br />
Salt that is acidic, has a pH <7, comes from the reaction between strong acids and weak bases. Example: NH4Cl (ammonium chloride / salmoniac), and NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate).<br />
Salt that is basic, has a pH> 7, comes from the reaction between a weak acid and a strong base. Examples: KNO2 (potassium nitrite), NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate / baking soda), NaCH3COO (sodium acetate), KCN (potassium cyanide / potassium), and KF (potassium phosphate).<br />
Salt that is neutral, has a pH = 7, comes from strong acids and strong bases.<br />
Example: NaCl (sodium chloride), KI (potassium iodide), and KNO3 (potassium nitrate).<br />
salt, NaCl → Na + + Cl-<br />
iron sulfate, Fe2 (SO4) 3 → 2Fe3 + + 3SO3-4Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-11117694798265446792019-12-01T08:39:00.002-08:002019-12-01T08:39:49.262-08:00Solution Concentration and Characteristics of Salt Solution<b>Solution Concentration and Characteristics of Salt Solution</b><br />
The concentration of the solution states quantitatively the composition of the solute and the solvent in the solution. Concentrations are generally expressed in terms of the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent. Examples of several units of concentration are molar, molal, and parts per million (parts per million).<br />
<br />
Characteristics of Salt Solution<br />
If an acidic solution with an alkaline solution is reacted, the H + ion (from acid) will react with the OH- ion (from the base) to form water. This reaction between acids and bases is called a neutralization reaction if the amount of acid is equal to the amount of base. So called because in addition to water, also produced a neutral substance that is salt, if the amount of acid and the amount of base have the same ratio. This reaction is also known as the salting reaction because it produces salt.<br />
<br />
Salt is in the form of neutral salt, basic salt and acid salt. Generally salt dissolves easily in water, is a solid at room temperature (25oC), is an electrolyte so that it can conduct electric current, has a high boiling point and melting point.<br />
<br />
The characteristics of salt include:<br />
usually occurs from the reaction between acids and bases<br />
acidic when formed from strong acids and weak bases<br />
basic if formed from weak acids and strong bases<br />
neutral when formed from strong acids and strong bases or weak acids and weak bases.<br />
<br />
Type of Salt Solution<br />
Salt consists of 4 types<br />
Formed from strong acids and strong bases, are neutral for example NaCl, K2SO4<br />
Formed from strong acids and weak bases, are acidic, for example NH4Cl and<br />
Al2 (SO4) 3<br />
Formed from weak acids and strong bases, are alkaline, for example<br />
CH3COONa, HCOOK, Na2CO3<br />
Formed from weak acids and weak bases, their properties depend on the value of Ka and Kb, for example (NH4) 2CO3<br />
Salts derived from strong acids and strong bases do not undergo hydrolysis. pH = 7<br />
Salts derived from weak acids and strong bases only experience partial hydrolysis in water.<br />
<br />
Salt formula<br />
Type of Salt Solution<br />
Types of Salt Can Be Hydrolyzed, Salt consists of four types, which are divided based on the acid-base components that make up HYDROLYSIS<br />
1. Salt from Strong Acid with Strong Base<br />
Strong acids and strong bases react to form salt and water. Salt cations and anions come from strong electrolytes that are not hydrolyzed, so this solution is neutral, the pH of this solution is equal to 7.<br />
Example: NaCl Salt<br />
In water, perfect ionized NaCl forms Na + and Cl- ions<br />
NaCl (aq) Na + (aq) + Cl- (aq)<br />
The Na + ion comes from strong acids and the Cl- ion comes from strong bases so that they don't react with water.<br />
Na + (aq) + H2O (l) (no reaction)<br />
Cl- (aq) + H2O (l) (no reaction)<br />
Therefore, the solution remains neutral (pH = 7).<br />
2. Salt from Strong Acid with Weak Base<br />
Salts formed from strong acids with weak bases undergo partial (partial) hydrolysis in water. This salt contains acid cations that undergo hydrolysis. This salt solution is acidic, pH <7.<br />
Example<br />
Calculates the pH of an acidic salt solution<br />
Examples of salt solutions that are acidic are NH4Cl, NH4Br, Al2 (SO4) 3.<br />
Consider the following hydrolysis reaction!<br />
NH4 + (aq) + H2O (l) NH4OH (aq) + H + (aq)<br />
The hydrolysis reaction is an equilibrium reaction. Although only a little of the salt undergoes a hydrolysis reaction, it is enough to change the pH of the solution. The equilibrium constant of the hydrolysis reaction is called the hydrolysis constant and is denoted by Kh.<br />
Kh = [NH4OH] [H +] / [NH4 +]<br />
H2O is ignored because H2O is constant. NH4OH is always the same as [H +] so<br />
Salt from Strong Acid<br />
3. Salt from Weak Acid with Strong Base<br />
Salts formed from weak acids with strong bases undergo partial hydrolysis in water. This salt contains alkaline anions which undergo hydrolysis. This salt solution is alkaline (pH> 7).<br />
This salt is ionized in water to produce ions. Cations are from strong bases and Anions are from weak acids. Example: CH3COONa, NaF, CH3COOK, HCOOK<br />
Example: CH3COOBa salt<br />
Calculates the pH of a salt solution that is Alkaline<br />
Consider the CH3COO-hydrolysis reaction from the following CH3COOBa salt!<br />
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH-<br />
The equilibrium constant of the hydrolysis reaction is called the hydrolysis constant which is denoted KhMack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-53144850097167573072019-12-01T08:38:00.005-08:002019-12-01T08:38:56.745-08:00Salt Classification Based on Its Nature<b>Salt Classification Based on Its Nature</b><br />
Based on its nature after the acid-base neutralization reaction, salt is divided into:<br />
Acid Salt<br />
Acid salt is a salt that is formed if only a part of the hydrogen from the acid making up the salt is replaced by metals or other cations, so there is still residual acidic properties in the salt product.<br />
Alkaline Salt<br />
Base salt is salt that is formed if not all OH groups of the salt-making base are neutralized by an acid radical (the salt-forming anionic nature is stronger than the cationic / acid-forming properties).<br />
<br />
Neutral Salt<br />
Neutral salt is salt that is formed from the neutralization reaction between acids and bases completely. Usually this salt is the result of the reaction of strong acids with strong bases.<br />
salt and its properties<br />
Salt Classification Based on Solubility<br />
Chloride and iodide salts from the alkali and alkaline earth groups are generally easily soluble in water while the chloride and iodide salts of lead and silver metals are insoluble in water. Nitrate salts are generally soluble in water, carbonate salts are difficult to dissolve in water. The solubility of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and potassium nitrate salts at different temperatures can be seen in the following curve.<br />
<br />
The following are some examples of salts that are soluble and difficult to dissolve<br />
Theoretical basis<br />
Solution<br />
Solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture between two or more substances dispersed either as molecules, atoms or ions whose composition can vary. The solution can be a gas, liquid, or solid. Aqueous solutions are solutions that contain a small portion of solute, relative to the amount of the solvent. Whereas concentrated solution is a solution containing most solutes. Solute is a solute. While the solvent (solvent) is a medium in which the solute is dissolved (Baroroh, 2004).<br />
<br />
Molarity<br />
Polarity or Molarity is the large number of moles of solute in each liter of solution. Or the concentration of a solution that measures the number of moles of solute in each liter of solution. Molarity or symbolized by the letter M. Molarity can be formulated as follows:<br />
M =<br />
Note: M = kemolaran (mol / L)<br />
n = mole of substance (mole)<br />
V = volume occupied by substance (L)<br />
<br />
Dilution of a solution is an addition of a solvent to a solution so that the concentration of the solution becomes smaller by adding water (solvent). The formula equation is as follows:<br />
M1.V1 = M2. V2<br />
<br />
Sediment<br />
Sediment is a substance that separates as a solid phase out of the solution. A precipitate is formed if the solution becomes too saturated with the substance in question. The solubility (S) of a precipitate by definition is the same as the molar concentration of a saturated solution. Solubility depends on various conditions such as temperature, pressure, concentration of other ingredients in the solution, and on the composition of the solvent (Lesdantina, 2009).Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-83025944035777804692019-12-01T08:38:00.002-08:002019-12-01T08:38:16.967-08:00Understanding Salt Solution<b>Understanding Salt Solution</b><br />
Definition of Salt Solution, Characteristics, Characteristics, Types and Examples: Is a solution obtained from the results of acid and base reactions. Salt is a compound that is formed if hydrogen<br />
<br />
Saline solution<br />
Understanding Salt<br />
Salt is one of the needs which is a complement of food needs and is a source of electrolytes for the human body. Salt is generally the result of a reaction between acidic and basic compounds. The solid form is usually in the form of crystals while in the form of a solution the constituent elements of salt will ionize again and make this solution can conduct electricity. Salts composed of alkali metals and alkaline earth will conduct electricity more strongly. The most common and widely used salt is NaCl salt, a white crystalline solid.<br />
In chemistry, salt is an ionic compound consisting of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions), so that they will form neutral (without charged) compounds. Salt is formed from the results of an acid and base reaction. Salt hydrolysis is "a breakdown of salt in water that produces acids and or bases."<br />
<br />
How can hydrolysis occur?<br />
Salt hydrolysis only occurs IF one or both of the components of the salt are weak acids and or weak bases. If the salt component is strong acid and strong base, then the ion component of the strong acid or strong base will not be hydrolyzed. Based on the explanation above, the cations and anions that can undergo hydrolysis reactions are cations and salt anions which are weak electrolytes. Whereas salt cations and anions including strong electrolytes are not hydrolyzed.<br />
Reaction of salt with water, where the salt component (cation or anion) derived from weak acids or weak bases reacts with water to form H3O + ions (= H +) or OH- ions.<br />
If hydrolysis produces H3O + then the solution is acidic, but if hydrolysis produces OH ions - then the solution is basic.<br />
<br />
Definition of Salt Solution<br />
Salt solution is a solution obtained from the results of acid and base reactions. Salt is a compound that is formed if the hydrogen from an acid is replaced by a metal. Salt is named after the metal and the acid that forms it. if dissolved, the salt forms ions in solution, one cation of metal and one anion of acid (Dictionary of pictorial science; 2000).<br />
<br />
The Nature of Salt Solution<br />
The Nature of Salt Solution there are 3 kinds<br />
Salt solutions that are neutral are salt formed from strong acids and strong bases or formed from weak acids and weak bases. Example: NaCl, CH3COONH4<br />
Acidic salt solution is salt formed from strong acids and weak bases. Example: NH4Cl, Al2 (SO4) 3<br />
Salt solutions that are basic are salt formed from strong bases and weak acids. Example: CH3COONa, Na2CO3<br />
Salt solutions that are formed from weak acids and weak bases can be acidic, basic, neutral. Because this salt is completely hydrolyzed, the pH value does not depend on the concentration of salt, but depends on the price of Ka and Kb.<br />
If Ka = Kb, the salt solution is neutral (pH = 7)<br />
If Ka = Kb, the salt solution is acidic (pH <7)<br />
If Ka = Kb, the salt solution is basic (pH> 7)<br />
The properties of salt, as follows:<br />
Able to conduct electric current,<br />
does not change the color of litmus red or blue.<br />
If it is formed from strong acids and weak bases, then salt will be acidic. and conversely, if formed from weak acids and strong bases, the salt will be alkaline.<br />
When formed from strong acids and strong bases, the salt will be neutral, for example table salt (NaCl).<br />
Has a pH of 7Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-27998994965644776962019-12-01T08:32:00.002-08:002019-12-01T08:32:20.989-08:00Definition and Types of Electrolyte Solutions<b>Definition and Types of Electrolyte Solutions</b><br />
Electrolyte Solution: Understanding, Characteristics, and Types With Complete Examples - Do you know what is meant by electrolyte solution ??? If you don't know it, you are absolutely right to visit gurupendukasi.com. Because on this occasion here will review about the understanding of electrolyte solutions, the characteristics of electrolyte solutions, and types of electrolyte solutions along with examples in full. Therefore, let us consider the review below.<br />
<br />
Electrolyte Solution<br />
Definition of Electrolyte Solution<br />
Electrolyte solution is a solution that can conduct electric current. In an electrolyte solution, the molecules break down (dissociate) into positive and negative electrically charged particles called ions (positive ions). The positive ion produced is called a cation and the negative ion produced is called an anion. The sum of the charges of positive ions and negative ions will be the same so that the charge of the ions in the neutral solution. These ions then conduct electricity.<br />
Chemical changes in this solution are characterized by changes in color, the appearance of gas bubbles and the presence of sediment, and if tested with an electrolyte assay this solution is able to light a lamp. The more ions that are formed, the stronger the electrolyte properties of the solution.<br />
<br />
Types of electrolyte solutions<br />
Electrolyte solutions are divided into 3 which have their own characteristics as below:<br />
1. Strong electrolyte solution<br />
Strong electrolyte solution, which is a solution in which all molecules break down into ions (fully ionized). Because of the large number of electrically conducting ions formed, the conductivity is also strong. Generally a strong electrolyte solution is a salt solution.<br />
<br />
Characteristics of Strong Electrolyte Solutions<br />
Conducting electric current is strong or good<br />
Perfectly ionized<br />
The degree or degree of ionization (a) a = 1<br />
If tested, strong electrolyte solutions have bright lights and many gas bubbles appear<br />
<br />
Example :<br />
Salt (NaCl, KCl, CuSO4 and KNO3),<br />
Strong acids (HCl, HI, HBr, H2SO4 and HNO3), and<br />
Strong bases (NaOH, Ca (OH) 2, Mg (OH) 2 and KOH)<br />
The strong electrolyte decomposition reaction is written with a single arrow to the right. Examples of strong electrolyte reactions:<br />
NaCl (aq) → Na + (aq) + Cl– (aq)<br />
H2SO4 (aq) → 2 H + (aq) + SO4 2- (aq)<br />
NaOH (aq) → Na + (aq) + OH– (aq)<br />
2. Weak Electrolyte Solution<br />
Weak electrolyte solution, which is a solution where not all molecules are ionized (imperfect ionization), so that only a few ions can conduct electricity.<br />
<br />
Weaknesses of Weak Electrolyte Solutions<br />
Poor or poor electrical conductors<br />
Partially ionized<br />
The degree or degree of ionisation (a) 0 <a <1<br />
If tested, the electrolyte solution is weak and the lights are weak and little gas bubbles appear.<br />
Examples of Weak Electrolyte Solutions<br />
Weak acids (HCN, H3PO4, CH3COOH, and C2O3)<br />
Weak Base (NH4OH, Al (OH3),<br />
and Fe (OH) 3).<br />
3. Non-electrolyte solution<br />
Non-electrolyte solutions are solutions that cannot conduct electricity. Non-electrolyte solutions consist of substances that are dissolved in water but are not broken down into ions (not ionized). In solution, the non-electrolyte substance remains like a molecule with no electric charge. That is why this solution cannot conduct electricity.<br />
<br />
Characteristics of Non-Electrolyte Solutions<br />
Cannot be ionized<br />
Cannot conduct electric current or insulator<br />
The degree or degree of ionisation (a) a = 0<br />
If tested, the Non Electrolyte Solution, does not ignite and does not emerge gas bubbles.<br />
Examples of Non-Electrolyte Solutions<br />
Urea = CO (NH2) 2<br />
Glucose = C6H12O6<br />
Sucrose = C12H22O11<br />
Ethanol = C2H2OH<br />
Example of a non-electrolyte solution reaction<br />
C6H12O6 (s) C6H12O6 (aq)<br />
That's a Review of Electrolyte Solutions: Understanding, Characteristics, and Types along with Examples in Complete Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-67432149143712662582019-12-01T08:29:00.000-08:002019-12-01T08:29:09.727-08:00Definition and Nature of Buffer Solutions<b>Definition and nature of buffer solutions</b><br />
Definition of Buffer Solutions, Buffer, Principle, Function, Nature, Type, Kind & Example: Is a solution containing a mixture of weak acids and their conjugate bases, or vice versa<br />
<br />
Definition of Buffer Solution<br />
Buffer solution (buffer) is a solution that can maintain (maintain) its pH from the addition of acids, bases, or dilution by water. The pH of the buffer solution does not change (constant) after the addition of acids, bases, or water. The buffer solution can neutralize the addition of acids and bases from the outside.<br />
Buffer solution or also called buffer solution or buffer solution is a solution that can maintain the pH value even if added a little acid, a little base, or a little water (dilution). This is because the buffer solution contains a "buffer" solute consisting of acidic and basic components. The acid component serves to withstand the increase in pH, while the alkaline component functions to withstand the decrease in pH.<br />
A buffer solution or a buffer solution is a solution consisting of:<br />
<br />
Mix of weak acid with salt.<br />
Example: A mixture of CH3COOH (weak acid) solution and CH3COONa (conjugate base) solution forms an acid buffer solution, with the reaction:<br />
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O.<br />
Mix weak base with salt.<br />
Example: A mixture of NH4OH solution (weak base) and NH4CL solution (conjugated acid) to form a buffer base solution, with the reaction:<br />
NH4OH + HCl → NH4CL + H2O.<br />
Kind of Buffer Solution<br />
Components of the Buffer Solution are divided into:<br />
Acidic buffer / buffer solution<br />
This solution maintains the pH in the acidic region (pH <7). To get this solution can be made from weak acids and salts which are the conjugate base of the acid. The other way is to mix a weak acid with a strong base where the weak acid is mixed in excess. The mixture will produce a salt containing a conjugate base from the corresponding weak acid. In general, strong bases used such as sodiumNa), potassium, barium, calcium, and others.<br />
<br />
The way it works can be seen in a buffer solution containing CH3COOH and CH3COO - which experiences equilibrium. With the following process:<br />
On Acid Addition<br />
Adding acid (H +) will shift the equilibrium to the left. Where the added H + ion reacts with the CH3COO ion - it forms the CH3COOH molecule.<br />
CH3COO– (aq) + H + (aq) → CH3COOH (aq)<br />
<br />
On base addition<br />
If what is added is a base, the OH - ion from the base will react with the H + ion to form water. This will cause the equilibrium to shift right so that the H + ion concentration can be maintained. Thus, the addition of a base causes a decrease in the acid component (CH3COOH), not the H + ion. The added base reacts with CH3COOH acid to form CH3COO ions - and water.<br />
CH3COOH (aq) + OH– (aq) → CH3COO– (aq) + H2O (l)<br />
<br />
Alkaline buffers<br />
This solution maintains the pH in an alkaline region (pH> 7). To get this solution can be made from weak bases and salts, whose salts come from strong acids. The other way is by mixing a weak base with a strong acid where the weak base is mixed in excess.<br />
The way it works can be seen in a buffer solution containing NH3 and NH4 + that is experiencing equilibrium. With the following process:<br />
<br />
On Acid Addition<br />
If an acid is added, the H + ion from the acid will bind the OH– ion. This causes the equilibrium to shift to the right, so that the concentration of OH- ions can be maintained. Besides this addition causes a decrease in the base component (NH3), instead of the OH- ion. The acid added reacts with the base NH3 to form NH4 + ions.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-8972373296848372522019-12-01T08:28:00.003-08:002019-12-01T08:28:28.858-08:00Types of Buffer Solutions<b>Types of buffer solutions</b><br />
Maintaining the pH of body fluids so that the excretion of H + ions in the kidneys is not disturbed, namely dihydrogen posphat acid (H2PO4-) with a base monohydrogen posphat (HPO42-)<br />
Maintain the pH of processed foods in cans so they are not easily damaged / oxidized (benzoic acid with sodium benzoate).<br />
In addition, the application of this buffer solution can be found in everyday life such as eye drops.<br />
<br />
A buffer solution can be formed from a mixture of weak acids and their conjugate bases or weak bases and conjugate acids. Based on the constituent acid base, the buffer solution can be divided into 2, which are as follows:<br />
1. Acid buffer solution<br />
Acid buffer solution is a buffer solution formed from weak acids and their conjugate bases. Acid buffer solutions have a pH of less than 7.<br />
Example: CH₃COOH (weak acid) and CH₃COO– (conjugate base).<br />
2. Base buffer solution<br />
Base buffer solution is a buffer solution formed from a weak base and conjugate acid. Base buffer solution with a pH greater than 7.<br />
Example: NH₃ (weak base) and NH₄ + (conjugate acid).<br />
<br />
<br />
Example Solution / Buffer Buffer<br />
Example of a Buffer Buffer Solution<br />
Determine the pH of the solution if 800 ml of 0.1 M CH3COOH solution mixed with 400 ml of 0.1 M CH3COONa solution (Ka CH 3 COOH = 1.8 × 10-5)!<br />
Determine the pH of the solution if 400 ml of 0.5M NH4OH solution is mixed with 100 ml of 0.5M NH4Cl solution (Kb NH4OH = 1.8 × 10-5)<br />
A total of 50 ml of solution consisting of 1M CH3COOH and 1M CH3COONa were added with 1M HCl solution. Determine the pH of the solution after adding 1M HCl! (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5)<br />
A total of 50 ml of solution consisting of CH3COOH 1M and CH3COONa 1M plus 50 ml of water. Determine the pH of the solution after dilution!<br />
<br />
Answer Buffer Buffer Solution<br />
Answer No. 1<br />
mol CH3COOH = 800 x 0.1 = 80 mmol<br />
mol CH3COONa = 400 x 0.1 = 40 mmol<br />
[H +] = Ka.na / nbk<br />
= 1.8 x 10-5 x (80/40)<br />
= 3.6 x 10 -5<br />
pH = -log 3.6 x 10 -5<br />
= 5 - log 3,6<br />
Answer No. 2<br />
NH3 mole = 400 x 0.5 = 200 mmol<br />
NH4Cl mole = 100 x 0.5 = 50 mmol<br />
[OH–] = 1.8 x10 -5 x (200/50)<br />
= 7.2 x 10 -5<br />
pOH = log 7.2 x 10 -5<br />
= 5 - log 7.2<br />
pH = 14 - (5-log 7.2)<br />
= 9 + log 7.2<br />
Answer No. 3<br />
mol CH3COOH = 50 x 1 = 50 mmol<br />
mol CH3COONa = 50 x 1 = 50 mmol<br />
mole HCl = 1 x 1 = 1 mmol<br />
CH3COONa + HCl —-> CH3COOH + NaCl<br />
At first: ……………… 50 mmol ……… .. 1 mmol …… .50 mmol -<br />
React: …………………. 1 mmol ……… .. 1 mmol …… 1 mmol …… ..1 mmol<br />
Remaining ………: ……………… 49 mmol …………. - ………… ..51 mmol …… .1 mmol<br />
So the pH = -log (1.8 x 10-5 x 51/49)<br />
= -log 1.87 x 10-5 = 5 - log 1.87<br />
Answer No. 4<br />
CH3COOH dilution: V1.M1 = V2.M<br />
50 × 1 = 100xM2<br />
M2 = 0.5<br />
CH3COONa Dilution: V1.M1 = V2.M2<br />
50 × 1 = 100xM2<br />
M2 = 0.5Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577411872886526174.post-20208412566146615702019-12-01T08:25:00.002-08:002019-12-01T08:25:56.586-08:00Nature of Buffer Solution<b>Nature of Buffer Solution</b><br />
NH3 (aq) + H + (aq) → NH4 + (aq)<br />
On base addition<br />
If what is added is a base, the equilibrium shifts to the left, so that the OH ion concentration can be maintained. The added base reacts with the acidic component (NH4 +), forming a basic component (NH3) and water.<br />
<br />
NH4 + (aq) + OH– (aq) → NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)<br />
How the Buffer Solution Works<br />
The buffer solution contains the acidic and basic components with their conjugate acids and bases, so that they can bind both H + ions and OH- ions. So that the addition of a little strong acid or strong base does not change the pH significantly.<br />
<br />
Nature of Buffer Solution<br />
The Characteristics of the Buffer Solution are:<br />
The pH does not change when the solution is diluted.<br />
The pH of the solution does not change if the solution is added with acid or base.<br />
The relationship between pH and buffer solution is as follows:<br />
A buffer solution of a mixture of weak acids and their salts.<br />
[H +] = Ka or [H +] = Ka<br />
pH = - log H +<br />
<br />
Where:<br />
Ka = Equilibrium Provision<br />
= Number of moles of weak acid<br />
= Number of moles of conjugate bases<br />
A buffer solution of a weak base mixture with salt.<br />
[OH–] = Kb or [H +] = Kb<br />
pH = 14 - POH<br />
POH = - OH log -<br />
Where:<br />
Kb = Equilibrium Provision<br />
= Number of weak base moles<br />
= Number of moles of conjugate acid<br />
<br />
Buffer Solution Function<br />
The existence of this buffer solution can be seen in everyday life such as in medicine, photography, leather industry and dyes. In addition to these applications, there is the function of applying the concept of this buffer solution in the human body as in body fluids.<br />
This body fluid can be in intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid. Where the main buffer system in intracellular fluid such as H2PO4-and HPO42- which can react with an acid and base. As for the buffer system, it can maintain a nearly constant blood pH of around 7.4.<br />
Maintaining the pH of the blood plasma to be in the pH range of 7.35 - 7.45, namely from the HCO3 ion - with Na + ion. If the blood pH is more than 7.45, alkalosis will occur, resulting in hyperventilation / excessive breathing, severe mutation. If the blood pH is less than 7.35, acidosis will result as a result of heart, kidney, liver and digestion will be disrupted.<br />
Maintain the pH of processed foods in cans so they are not easily damaged / oxidized (asambenzoate with sodium benzoate).<br />
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In addition, the application of this buffer solution can be found in everyday life such as eye drops.<br />
The existence of this buffer solution can be seen in everyday life such as in medicine, photography, leather industry and dyes. In addition to these applications, there is a function of applying the concept of this buffer solution in the human body as in bodily fluids.<br />
This body fluid can be in intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid. Where the main buffer system in intracellular fluid such as H2PO4- and HPO42- which can react with an acid and base. As for the buffer system, it is able to maintain a nearly constant blood pH of around 7.4.<br />
Maintaining the pH of the blood plasma so that the pH is around 7.35 - 7.45, which is from the HCO3 ion with Na + ion. If the pH of the blood is more than 7.45, it will experience alkalosis, resulting in hyperventilation / excessive breathing, great mutation. If the pH of the blood is less than 7.35, acidosis will result as a result of which the heart, kidneys, liver and digestion will be disrupted.Mack Dounaaall Duuckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07606067739373284345noreply@blogger.com